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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 1
Artículo Original Cuantitativo
Anthropometric measurements for the nutritional study in first year
medical students
Mediciones antropométricas para el estudio nutricional en estudiantes de
primer año de medicina
Mesures anthropométriques pour l'étude nutritionnelle chez les étudiants
en médecine de première année
Authors: Chia Péi Chen-Castro,1 Sandra Eliza Espinoza-Milian,2 Daniela Lucía Cifuentes-Aguilar,3
Adriana Virginia López-Polanco,4 Catarina Ofelia Brito-Pérez,5 Denise Areli Pineda-Marroquín6
1Student of Degree in Nutrition. Da Vinci University of Guatemala. Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences. Guatemala. Email:
202005513@estudiante.udv.edu.gt Orcid Code: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9474-3141
2Student of Degree in Nutrition. Da Vinci University of Guatemala. Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences. Guatemala. Email:
201801805@estudiante.udv.edu.gt Orcid code: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-7311
3Student of Degree in Nutrition. Da Vinci University of Guatemala. Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences. Guatemala. Email:
202003511@estudiante.udv.edu.gt Orcid code: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-398X
4Student of Degree in Nutrition. Da Vinci University of Guatemala. Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences. Guatemala. Email:
202003448@estudiante.udv.edu.gt Orcid code: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8754-3830
5Student of Degree in Nutrition. Da Vinci University of Guatemala. Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences. Guatemala. Email:
202000325@estudiante.udv.edu.gt Orcid Code: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-1689
6Degree in Nutrition. Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences. Da Vinci University of Guatemala. Guatemala. Guatemala. Email:
dapineda@udv.edu.gt Orcid Code: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-4559
ABSTRACT
Introduction: there is concern about the
rates of malnutrition, overweight and obesity
since obesity can increase the risk of
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, colon
cancer, among others. Objective: to
characterize first year medical students of the
Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences of the Da
Vinci University of Guatemala according to
anthropometric measurements. Methods: a
cross-sectional descriptive observational
research was carried out and weight, height,
% body fat, muscle mass, body water, visceral
fat, bone mass, average arm and wrist
circumference were evaluated to know their
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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 2
current nutritional status. Results: 57% of the
female sex had a healthy classification while
among the males, 41.7% were obese
according to % body fat; 83.3% of the females
and 75% of the males had adequate body
water; 90.5% of the females and 83.3% of the
males had visceral fat. 3% of males had
adequate visceral fat; 66.7% of females and
75% of males had inadequate bone mass;
78.6% of females and 83.3% of males had no
somatic protein depletion; 57% of females had
normal nutritional status and 25% of males
had normal nutritional status, GI obesity and
overweight%. Conclusions: anthropometric
indicators revealed a better nutritional status
in females compared to males.
Key words: bioimpedance, malnutrition,
overweight, obesity
RESUMEN
Introducción: existe una preocupación, en
los índices de desnutrición, sobrepeso y
obesidad, ya que la obesidad puede llegar a
aumentar el riesgo de enfermedades
cardiovasculares, diabetes, cáncer de colon,
entre otros. Objetivo: caracterizar a los
estudiantes de primer año de medicina de la
Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida de la
Universidad Da Vinci de Guatemala según
mediciones antropométricas. Métodos: se
realizó una investigación de tipo observacional
descriptiva de corte transversal y se evaluó el
peso, talla, porcentaje de grasa corporal, masa
muscular, agua corporal, grasa visceral, masa
ósea, circunferencia media de brazo y de
muñeca para saber su estado nutricional
actual. Resultados: el 57% del sexo femenino
tuvo una clasificación saludable mientras que
dentro de los masculinos predominaron los
obesos en un 41.7% según el porcentaje de
grasa corporal; el 83.3% de femeninos y el
75% en los masculinos presentaron adecuada
agua corporal; 90.5% femenino y 83.3% de
masculinos presentaron grasa visceral
adecuada; 66.7% de mujeres y 75% de
hombres reflejaron una masa ósea
inadecuada; 78.6% de las mujeres y 83.3% de
los hombres sin depleción de proteína
somática; 57% de mujeres con un estado
nutricional normal y 25% de los hombres
tienen estado nutricional normal, obesidad
grado 1 y sobrepeso. Conclusiones: los
indicadores antropométricos revelaron un
mejor estado nutricional en el sexo femenino
en comparación a los hombres.
Palabras clave: desnutrición, obesidad,
bioimpedancia, enfermedades
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction: les taux de malnutrition, de
surpoids et d'obésité sont préoccupants, car
l'obésité peut augmenter le risque de maladies
cardiovasculaires, de diabète, de cancer du
côlon, entre autres. Objectif: caractériser les
étudiants en médecine de première année de
la Faculté des sciences médicales et de la vie
de l'Université Da Vinci du Guatemala selon
des mesures anthropométriques. Méthodes:
une enquête observationnelle descriptive
transversale a été réalisée et le poids, la taille,
le pourcentage de graisse corporelle, la masse
musculaire, l'eau corporelle, la graisse
viscérale, la masse osseuse, la circonférence
moyenne du bras et du poignet ont été évalués
pour déterminer leur état nutritionnel actuel.
Résultats: 57% des femmes avaient une
classification saine tandis qu'au sein des
hommes les obèses prédominent dans 41,7%
selon le pourcentage de graisse corporelle;
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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 3
83,3 % des femmes et 75 % des hommes
présentaient une eau corporelle adéquate;
90,5 % de femmes et 83,3 % d'hommes
présentaient une graisse viscérale adéquate;
66,7 % des femmes et 75 % des hommes
présentaient une masse osseuse insuffisante;
78,6% des femmes et 83,3% des hommes
sans déplétion somatique en protéines; 57 %
des femmes ayant un état nutritionnel normal
et 25 % des hommes ont un état nutritionnel
normal, une obésité de grade 1 et un surpoids.
Conclusion: les indicateurs anthropométriques
ont révélé un meilleur état nutritionnel chez les
femmes par rapport aux hommes.
Mots clés: malnutrition, obésité,
bioimpédance, maladies
INTRODUCTION
The first-year university population is in a fundamental and decisive stage for its future, tied to the
circumstances that each one faces. Within the student population there are people who dedicate
themselves solely to studying, others study and work, and even there are those who are responsible
for the support and care of someone else. Derived from the above, there is a risk of having an
inadequate diet, either due to lack of time, stress or lack of economic resources.
Eating an inadequate diet can affect the intellectual capacity and productivity of students. Currently
there is concern, not only in malnutrition rates but also in overweight and obesity rates, since obesity
can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, colon cancer, among others.1
The university population is a group that is nutritionally vulnerable, as they tend to skip meals
frequently, eat at the wrong time, prefer fast food and consume alcohol frequently. So it is important
to educate college students about developing proper eating habits.2
Children and teenagers gain weight during their growth as they increase in size, the volume of their
bones, muscles and fat mass increase. However, there are 3 periods that are critical for developing
obesity: the prenatal period, from 5 to 7 years of age, and in adolescence, especially if they are
women.3
Fat is a component that participates in different vital functions of the organism and accumulates in
different areas of the body. Excessive accumulation alters the lipid profile in the body and can lead
to cardiovascular disease, which is considered the main cause of death and disability worldwide.4
The most common method for the nutritional diagnosis of an individual is the anthropometric
evaluation in relation to body composition; it also provides information to determine the risk of
cardiovascular diseases due to excess fat and its distribution.5
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Anthropometry obtains physical measurements related to values that reflect growth and
development. Some parameters that are taken into account are: height, weight, skin folds, and
measurements of body perimeters.6 These measurements are used to determine body composition,
nutritional status, and growth.
Height is a measurement that can be made in centimeters or inches. Adults and older children are
measured standing with their head straight, using a stadiometer; infants and young children should
be measured lying down on a firm and flat surface.6
The institutional policies for the calibration of the scales must be followed for the measurement of
weight. Each time a patient passes by, the same scale must be used and weighed at the same time,
wearing the same type of clothing to obtain greater precision in weight.7,8
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a method to determine the adequacy of an adult's weight with respect
to their height. To calculate it, we use weight and height, indicating over nutrition or under nutrition.
The BMI provides information on body composition, since it provides the level of adiposity and relates
it to height. It is calculated as follows: BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)2.8.9
Arm circumference: 50% of protein reserves are located in muscle tissue, so taking this
measurement will provide us with information about those reserves. The upper arm should be
measured between the shoulder and the elbow.7,10
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (AIB) is a technique used to analyze body composition, which is
based on a higher conductivity and lower impedance of lean tissue compared to adipose tissue, which
is due to the amount of electrolytes containing.8
This method is much more reliable when compared to BMI and skinfolds. It is a minimally invasive
and fast method.8
Body Fat: The amount of fat a person has and the way it is distributed in the body are related to
health risks. Healthy body fat ranges for men are 15-19% and 18-22% for women. A high percentage
of body fat has been associated with an increased risk of disease.8
Visceral fat is a type of body fat that differs from subcutaneous fat, mainly found in the abdominal
cavity, surrounding human organs. A certain amount of fat can support, stabilize and protect the
viscera and if it is high it increases the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease.8,11
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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 5
Subcutaneous fat refers to the relationship between adipose tissue and body weight stored in the
subcutaneous skin. It can be used as an indicator of body fat and thinness. Subcutaneous fat is below
the dermis layer, above the fascia.8,12
Its main function is to maintain body temperature and store energy, so if there is too much
subcutaneous fat, it tends to accumulate in the abdomen, buttocks, thighs, making the body look
bloated, obese, and adversely affected.8,12
Bone mass refers to the weight of bone tissue in the body, which represents the health of the
skeleton. Bone tissue is made up of cells, fiber and matrix, the fiber is that of bone collagen, the
matrix has many solid inorganic salts. This is a parameter that is used to measure bone health.7
The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional status based on anthropometric
measurements and gender, of first-year medical students at the Da Vinci University of Guatemala in
the second semester of 2022.
METHOD
An observational, descriptive cross-sectional investigation was carried out. The universe was the
first-year students of the Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences of the Da Vinci University of Guatemala.
No sample was drawn.
To carry out this study, we had the approval of the authorities of the Faculty of Medical and Life
Sciences of the Da Vinci University of Guatemala. The students who participated were informed about
the objectives and importance of the research. Prior to taking the anthropometric measurements,
each participant has filled out the written consent form. The confidentiality of the data obtained was
fulfilled, which were used by the researchers and for research purposes.
In order to respond to the objective of the research, the following variables were operationalized:
age, sex, weight, height, BMI, percentage of fat, body water, visceral fat, bone mass and Average
Arm Circumference (CMB) to identify any protein depletion. Somatic.
To define the problem, an exhaustive search of the existing literature on the subject was carried out.
To obtain the information, anthropometric measurements were made to the aforementioned
students. Once the data was placed in the database, they were processed in the statistical program
SPSS21 in Spanish. The results were presented in statistical tables.
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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 6
RESULTS
In Table 1 we can see that the majority of the 54 students evaluated are female. According to the
percentage of body fat 52% healthy predominates; the same percentage exhibit with 20.4% each,
the high fat and obese. Within the female sex, 57% predominated with a healthy classification, while
within the males, the obese prevailed by 41.7%.
Table No 1 Distribution of students according to percentage of body fat and gender.
Classification according to the
percentage of body fat
Gender
Total
Female
Male
Count
8
3
11
% within gender
19.0%
25.0%
20.4%
Count
4
0
4
% within gender
9.5%
0.0%
7.4%
Count
6
5
11
% within gender
14.3%
41.7%
20.4%
Count
24
4
28
% within gender
57.1%
33.3%
51.9%
Total
Count
42
12
54
% within gender
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 7
Note that Table 2 shows the percentage of body water according to sex. 81.5% predominate at an
adequate level, followed by 11.1% at an inadequate level. Within both sexes an adequate
classification predominated, being 83.3% in females and 75% in males.
Table No. 2. Distribution of students according to percentage of body water and gender
Body water percentage
Gender
Total
Female
Male
DOES NOT
APPLY*
Count
4
0
4
% within gender
9.5%
0.0%
7.4%
ADECUADO
Count
35
9
44
% within gender
83.3%
75.0%
81.5%
INADECUADO
Count
3
3
6
% within gender
7.1%
25.0%
11.1%
Total
Count
42
12
54
% within gender
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
*This bioimpedance measurement was not taken because they are minors.
Table No. 3 shows the percentage of visceral fat classification and gender. The healthy range
prevailed with 88.9% where the female obtained 90.5% while in the males it was 83.3%.
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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 8
Table No. 3 Distribution of students according to their visceral fat classification and gender.
Clasificación según grasa visceral
Gender
Total
Female
Male
DOES NOT
APPLY*
Count
4
0
4
% within gender
9.5%
0.0%
7.4%
EXCESS
Count
0
2
2
% within gender
0.0%
16.7%
3.7%
HEALTHY
Count
38
10
48
% within gender
90.5%
83.3%
88.9%
Total
Count
42
12
54
% within gender
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
*This bioimpedance measurement was not taken because they are minors.
Table 4 shows that, of 54 students evaluated, in terms of classification according to bone mass,
68.5% predominate with inadequate bone mass, followed by 24.1% with adequate bone mass. In
both genders, the inadequate classification of bone mass predominated; 66.7% within the females
and 75% within the males.
Table. No. 4. Distribution of students according to classification of bone mass and gender.
Bone mass classification
Gender
Total
Female
Male
DOES NOT
APPLY*
Count
4
0
4
% within gender
9.5%
0.0%
7.4%
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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 9
APPROPRIATE
Count
10
3
13
% within gender
23.8%
25.0%
24.1%
INADEQUATE
Count
28
9
37
% within gender
66.7%
75.0%
68.5%
Total
Count
42
12
54
% within gender
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
*This bioimpedance measurement was not taken because they are minors.
Note that Table No. 5 shows the percentage of somatic protein depletion according to gender. In
general and within both genders this depletion predominated as normal. Of the total, 79.6% obtained
a higher percentage where the male predominates in a normal nutritional state, obtaining a
percentage of 83.3%.
Table No 5. Distribution of students according to somatic protein depletion according to their gender.
Somatic protein depletion
Gender
Total
Female
Male
MILD
DEPLETION
Count
7
1
8
% within gender
16.7%
8.3%
14.8%
MODERATE
DEPLETION
Count
2
1
3
% within gender
4.8%
8.3%
5.6%
NORMAL
Count
33
10
43
% within gender
78.6%
83.3%
79.6%
Total
Count
42
12
54
% within gender
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 10
Note in table No. 6 that, of 54 students evaluated, in terms of nutritional status, 50% predominate
with a normal nutritional status; the same percentage exhibits with 20.4% each of the groups
recognized as grade one obesity and overweight. Within the female, 57% predominated with a
normal nutritional status, while within the males, the following predominated with an equal
percentage of 25% each: normal, grade one obesity and overweight.
Table. No. 6. Distribution of students according to nutritional status and gender.
Nutritional condition
Gender
Total
Female
Male
MILD
MALNUTRITION
Count
1
1
2
% within gender
2.4%
8.3%
3.7%
NORMAL
Count
24
3
27
% within gender
57.1%
25.0%
50.0%
GI OBESITY
Count
8
3
11
% within gender
19.0%
25.0%
20.4%
GII OBESITY
Count
1
2
3
% within gender
2.4%
16.7%
5.6%
OVERWEIGHT
Count
8
3
11
% within gender
19.0%
25.0%
20.4%
Total
Count
42
12
54
% within gender
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
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Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 11
DISCUSSION
In a study carried out by Kaess BM, Pedley A, and Massaro JM, in 2015,13 they found a similar
behavior in both genders regarding the proportion of visceral fat, which shows that the two groups
are prone to the accumulation of visceral fat, higher than 40% in both genders. However, the present
study shows that, among women, more than half are classified as having a healthy nutritional status.
A study conducted by Medrano et al. in 2020,14 found a similar behavior between men and women
classified as having normal nutritional status. However, in the present study, it was found that, within
the women, more than half were classified as normal in their nutritional status, but not among men.
In a study carried out by Suaza, De la Cruz and Aguirre in 2021,15 they found a different behavior in
terms of the percentage of body fat between men and women, since men had a better nutritional
status than women. However, in the present work, it was found that within the women, more than
half were classified as having a percentage of healthy fat, unlike the males, who were predominantly
obese.
In a study carried out by Valderrama A, Uzuriaga F and Valderrama B in 2020,16 they found a similar
behavior between men and women, with a normal body mass index. However, in the present study,
it was found that, within the women, more than half were classified as having a normal nutritional
status, unlike men who were equally distributed in a normal nutritional status, grade I obesity and
overweight.
The differences found between both genders could be related to the current influence exerted by
social networks in the lives of women, who also aspire to be models, in addition to the profession
they study. Maintaining a good nutritional state guarantees for many young people, especially
females, not being the object of prejudice.
Escandón-Nagel et al. in their 2019 study on “Body image based on sex and nutritional status:
Association with the construction of oneself and others”17 found differences in relation to weight
between men and women. The females were always below in this variable, in relation to the males.
Trying to maintain the right weight is related to better self-esteem, fewer differences between how
they see themselves and how others see it.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study it was found that the female students stand out for having a better nutritional status
than the male students.
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*Author for correspondence: Chia Péi Chen-Castro. Email: 202005513@estudiante.udv.edu.gt
Received on november, 2022. Acepted on december 1, 2022.
Rev. CMV. 2023;1(1-3):e006 12
FINANCING
No funding was received for the development of this study.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No conflicts of interest are declared.
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*Author for correspondence: Chia Péi Chen-Castro. Email: 202005513@estudiante.udv.edu.gt
Received on november, 2022. Acepted on december 1, 2022.
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